Animal Testing Essay -- Animal Testing

Animal Testing As history shows man has endured and overcome many diseases and illnesses. These diseases killed many people and caused many to suffer. Most of these diseases have been cured do to mans medical research. Medical research has improved people’s lives along with increased life expectancy greatly. These medical breakthroughs have helped mankind in many ways, but in order to achieve these advances in medicine many animals suffered through testing. These test done to animals have improved the lives of many humans who would have suffered themselves. The testing of laboratory animals is an acceptable form of medical research. Today laboratory animal testing has come a long way and no longer are animals treated cruelly in testing, the welfare of the animals is a major concern. There are many concerns for animals’ safety in laboratory testing. The Research Defense Society says that the welfare of animals used in medical research is a major priority of the scientists, vets, and other professionals who perform these tests. This is for the good of the animals and not to mistreat them but also for accurate test results. â€Å"If an animal is suffering stress or pain it could affect the results of the research† (Animal Welfare) Animals are housed in the best possibly conditions in order to get reliable results from testing. The zoo community has demonstrated the feasibility and the benefits of maintaining animals in natural habitats. (Bayne) Along with healthy environments the animals used for testing are tested under the three R’s. The three R’s stand for Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement. These three principles are used to regulate the testing of laboratory animals by reducing the number of animals used, refine the ... ...erous advances in medicine and the many lives animal testing has saved proves that laboratory animal testing is a sound form of medical research. Through animal testing and research, human beings are expected to live longer, healthier, and stronger lives. Works Cited â€Å"Animal Testing.† U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-205.html. 10/1/2001 â€Å"Animal Research Facts.† http://www.fbresearch.org/micef.html. 10/10/2001 Bayne, Kathryn, and Roy Henrickson. Naturalistic Environment In captivity For Animal Behavior. Albany, New York. State University of New York Press, 1994 â€Å"The Three R’s of animal Testing Alternatives.† http://www.med.virginia.edu/hs-lirary/newsletter/1995/april/threer.html. 10/10/2001 â€Å"Animal Welfare and Regulation.† Research Defense Society. http://www.rds-online.org.uk/aboutrds/index.html. 9/25/2001

Individual Right vs Public Order

Running head: INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS VS. PUBLIC ORDER Individual Rights vs. Public Order Ashley Perez Mountain State Univeristy Summer 1 2011 When our four fathers came together and created the Bill of Rights, they did not think it would last as long as it did. They created something that determines everything in the world, when it comes to crimes and issues. They set up rights for the people to protect the people. The first ten amendments of the Bill of Rights are particularly important to criminal defendants facing formal processing by the criminal justice system (Schmalleger, F. 2008). We were giving rights, for us individuals. Individual rights are the rights guaranteed to all members of the American society by the U. S Constitution ((Schmalleger, F. , 2008). As the world advanced, so did the criminal justice system. This caused more of an emphasis on individual rights that was accompanied by the dramatic increase in reported criminal activity worldwide. Just in the sevenths and eight ies, F. B. I. ‘s traditional crimes, murder, rape, and assault increased.With individual rights, came due process. Due process is procedural fairness. Fairness is the idea of doing what is best. It may not be perfect, but it is the good and decent thing to do. It requires being levelheaded, uniform and regular, when all around you is prejudice, corruption, or the desire of an angry mob to see justice done. Fairness requires breadth and depth ( Stevenes, M , 2003). Not only does the outcome have to be fair, but also so does everything along the line such as evidence gathering and presentation. Stevenes, M. , 2003). The due process standard was served in the sixties, by the warren courts. From the beginning, the individual-rights revolution had two critics. First, critics disputed the premise that the government cannot be expected to honor behavioral norms without being subject to an adversarial process (Super, D. , 2005). Second, critics asserted that enforcing norms through in dividual rights has heavy costs in the form of lost managerial efficiency of government programs (Super, D. 2005). In the Mathews v. EldridgeJ case, these critiques provided the basis of two of the three prongs of the central due process (Super, D. , 2005). Court's decisions declining to imply private rights of action to enforce statutes and regulations (Super, D. , 2005). Because of this , a movement for over ten years had enforced the rights of several politically weak groups such as immigrants, prisoners, people of troubled families and people suspected to be connected to terrorism.Of the movement , responses have attacked the individual-rights revolution, braking it into two main forms. First, champions of individual rights have emphasized the importance of those rights, sometimes finding substantive value in the procedures of individual adjudication (Super, D. , 2005). Second, they have sought to rebut assertions that government agencies can be counted upon to conform to legal norms without giving individuals the ability to enforce those norms (Super, D. , 2005). Mathews v.Eldridge factors: the individual interest and the risk of erroneous deprivation. however, champions of individual rights have implicitly conceded their opponents' contention that interposing individual rights has a cost in terms of the efficiency of the underlying government activity(Super, D. , 2005). After September eleventh, the world went on a permanent shut down. No one knew who did it and why. Shortly after the towers where down, we all knew something was to come of this, but we did not how much it would change our society today.We knew that the tower where knocked down by terrorist from the Middle East, but we did not know what they looked like. The world, as a whole, went crazy, and any one and everyone who was of Middle Eastern descent or even looked like they where from the middle east where thrown in jail. People began to judge people by what they looked like, and did not giv e any one a chance. Air ports where placed under high security, and for the first ever people where thrown out of line just because their shoes did not match. Everything was being over looked, and studied.We had U. S Marshals on just about every flight; we did not want something like nine eleven happen again. Just 45 days after the September 11 attacks, Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act. There are significant flaws in the Patriot Act, flaws that threaten your fundamental freedoms by giving the government the power to access to your medical records, tax records, information about the books you buy or borrow without probable cause, and the power to break into your home and conduct secret searches without telling you for weeks, months, or indefinitely (ACLU,2007).The USA PATRIOT Act was intended to break down those barriers and respond to new communication technologies in a number of ways (Pike, G, 2006) . The act broadened the definition of terrorism, permitted extensive sharing of intelligence information, made it easier to get warrants to conduct intelligence investigations, increased the secrecy relating to search warrants, and expanded the scope of information that could be obtained (Pike, G, 2006) . Partially due to its haste in passing the act, Congress decreed that many-but not all-of the PATRIOT Act's provisions would expire on Dec. 1, 2005(Pike, G, 2006) . A cursory review of the legal literature shows that the USA PATRIOT ACT was â€Å"rushed† passed Congress by the Bush administration without following the usual legislative procedure (Wong, K, 2006). Throughout the entire legislative process, neither the Congress nor the Administration has systematically investigated and critically debated the merit–necessity and efficacy, costs and benefits, and the impact and implications of the ACT on the Constitution, on the society, on the people (Wong, K, 2006).In reality the idea of introducing an act, at the time they did, was good, but the mor e we thought about it, we realized it goes against everything our four fathers worked hard to put together. We used to live in a world where we where the top dogs and everyone wanted to be like us. Now with all that has happened in the past few years, there is always that big brother over our shoulders, and he is not leaving any time soon. We live in a world where there are sick minded people, who kill people, and kid nap little kids. Where you are never alone and some one is always listening, even when you re the only one in the room. What ever happened to the fourth amendment right: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. We are still entitled to this right , but how are if the at any moment i n time the government can say hey lets see who so and so are talking to right now?It appears as if all the rights and laws created just go back and forth with each other. I thought we were an organized society. How can we say that we will follow the fourth amendment, when we have a completely new act that reverses everything that we are entitled to? We are living in a messed up time, nothing ever seems to make sense, and we are supposed to just know things. We are learning new things everyday, but they just keep changing. How are supposed to know our rights, if the people who makes are not even sure about them. We lock up the wrong people, and let the evil doers go.What happened, and how did it all go so wrong. Only if they could us now, this is probably why all other countries hate us with a passion. Lately everything is based on what you look like, and your political views. It has nothing to do with who you are. After the nine eleven attacks, the world began to look differently at all people, we saw sides of people we never saw before. We saw more American flags posted outside peoples homes, hung up in store window, then on the fourth of July. Everyone came together, and stood proud for the time in a long time.The world mental was ready for a fight, but not what we ended up with. Hundreds of lives lost, and many where innocent. When we went to fight, we hit hard, harder then anyone could think. It made us look like we where the bad back , yes we lost hundreds of people in the bombing of the world trade center , but are not supposed to show we are better then them? We lost the trust of the people who we were supposed to be trusting, and faith in the people we loved. We lost all we fought for, for years before this, and to throw it all away.The American world is so messed, that many of us do not even want to tell people they are American when they leave the country for a vacation. The American name has been bashed, and beaten all because of one event. One even t changed our lives forever. It will never be the same, and if you where there, you can never forget the pandemonium that day. The radio stations, gone, no music, just recaps of what happened. No television, just images of how it happened. The news showed pictures of the men who did it and the other who are part of it. The mobs outside, swear they saw one of the people driving a cab, they where all going to look for him.The kids, so confused , yet understanding that this going in the history books for ever, and now reading about in that new edition book, saying I lived it. References ACLU. (2007, January 1). USA PATRIOT ACT. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved June 1, 2011, from Http://www. aclu. org/safefree/resources/17343res20031114. html Pike, G. (2006). : USA PATRIOT Act: What's Next?. Information Today, 23(4), 1-2. Schmalleger, F. (2008). Criminal justice: a brief introduction (7th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, N. J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall. Stevenes, M. (2003, June 25). DU E PROCESS OF LAW: PROCEDURAL AND SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES.NCWC. Retrieved June 1, 2011, from faculty. ncwc. edu/mstevens/410/410lect06. htm Super, D. A. (2005). Are Rights Efficient? Challenging the Managerial Critique of Individual Rights‚A ®. Law Review, 93(4), 1051. Retrieved June 1, 2011, from http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb? did=1222808651&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=296 77&RQT=309&VName=PQD Wong, K. C. (2006). The making of the USA Patriot Act I: The legislative process and dynamics. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 34(3), 179. Retrieved May 30, 2011, from http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb? did=1199189181&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=296 77&RQT=309&VName=PQD

The Discovery Of The Colonies - 1007 Words

Beginning from the discovery of the colonies in 1634 until the state abolished slavery in 1864, enslaved African Americans were important to shaping Maryland’s history. During the 1660s the life of slaves changed drastically. Many of the white European servants became scarce and expensive, while Africans began dominating the labor force. Slaves who arrived in Maryland in the 1670s would be slaves for life. They would face a harsh environment in which they were subject to volatile diseases, shortage of women, abusive masters, isolation from other Africans, and restriction of mobility. The slave labored on the tobacco plantations which fueled the economic growth between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the nineteenth century, slaves had evolved in all parts of Maryland. During the Civil War, African Americans reclaimed their freedom, but the burden of slavery’s history wasn’t over. The circumstances of slavery changed over time and the opportunities for slaves to live free and as a unit fluctuated. Many African American abolitionists contributed to the freedom of slaves throughout history. Abolitionists were people who advocated the abolition of slavery in the U.S., especially prior to the Civil War. There were many abolitionists, most in northern states, that would dedicate their life’s work to the abolishment of slavery. African American abolitionists such as Josiah Henson and Denmark Vesey paved a way for many African Americans freedom of the white supremacy.Show MoreRelatedDiscovery and Settlement of the New World, Establishment of Colonies and the American Revolution594 Words   |  2 PagesAmerican Revolution that I find more interesting are Discovery and Settlement of the New World, Establishment of Colonies and the American Revolution, because these events changed the course of History of America since its discovery and colonization until independence. 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